A map projection is a systematic representation of all or part of the surface of a round body, especially the earth, on a plane snyder, 1987, map projections a working manual, usgs professional paper 95. The geoid is defined as the surface of the earths gravity field, which is approximately the same as mean sea level. Like the traditional method of latitude and longitude, it is a horizontal position representation, which means it ignores altitude and treats the earth as a perfect ellipsoid. It gives full details of most projections, together with interesting introductory sections, but it does not derive any of the projections from first principles.
To avoid having negative coordinates, false easting and false northing are used in gis. Once you have saved a map on scribble maps you can easily retrieve a adobe acrobat pdf of the map. Medication administration program map policy manual doc 2. Yes, you should be able to use the 72 guidance note, or snyder s map projections. Notice of rescission of map hospice policies 162 and 163 pdf 265. Notice of rescission of map hospice policies 162 and 163 doc 47 kb open doc file, 69. The transverse version is widely used in national and international mapping systems around the world, including the utm.
The universal transverse mercator utm coordinate system is a gridbased method of specifying locations on the surface of the earth that is a practical application of a 2dimensional cartesian coordinate system. Some projections treat the earth only as a sphere, others as either ellipsoid or sphere. The derived unit of speed is the knot, one nautical mile per hour. Historically, it was defined as one minute 1 60 of a degree of latitude along any line of longitude. Other modules provide lambert conformal conic projections and positions from john p. Read map projections a working manual by john snyder for online ebook. Geological survey professional paper 95, 385 pages. The library here has a paper copy, if you want xeroxes. This second version allows forcing utm zone and hemisphere in. Central line the center origin of a map projection.
If projection is not specified here it uses projaeqd azimuthal equidistant. When paired with a suitable geodetic datum, the transverse mercator delivers high accuracy in zones less than a few degrees in eastwest extent. A nautical mile is a unit of measurement used in air, marine, and space navigation, and for the definition of territorial waters. Indicated in the middle of the lower third is your current position red arrow. A working manual 1987 is available online as a pdf from the u. A method and system for efficiently converting an image from a first map projection to a second map projection image. Snyder, map projections a working manual, 1987, pp 107109, functions to clip a path or polygon of latlon points using the cohensutherland and the sutherlandhodgman methods, functions to simplify or linearize a path of latlon points or a numpy array. If you are at all serious about maps you need this book. For a list of other texts and purchasing info, see the gps bibliography latlon to utm is complicated by the fact that both latlon and utm coordinates are relative to the datum from which they were determined, so you have to be careful. Map projections a working manual is, in my humble opinion, the definitive reference for map projections and the author, john p. Converting utm to latitude and longitude or vice versa.
Map projections are introduced on pages 1012, and pages. This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for. Today the international nautical mile is defined as exactly 1852 metres about 1. No idea how well they match the double stereographic that nb uses. United states government printing office, washington, d. The formula for the mercator projection is given as an example for plotting projections. Issue 5, summer 2000, published by the regional history centre, university of the west of england. Geological survey professional paper 95, 1987, on pages 107109 and 295298. Us20070188516a1 method for efficiently transforming a. For larger scale maps, including topographic quadrangles and the state base map series, conformal projections such as the transverse mercator and the lambert conformal conic are used. Eastingnorthing conversion benchmarking geocaching forums.
Maps were devised because they are much easier to use, store, and transport than globes, and they facilitated the development of much larger. Garmin reserves the right to change or improve its products and to make changes in the content without obligation to notify any person or organization of such changes or improvements. The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. After decades of using only one map projection, the polyconic, for its mapping. Snyder 1987 for better precision in southern hemisphere. Mathematical cartography also takes in map scales and their variation, the. Although the earth is best represented by a spheroid, the earth is sometimes treated as a sphere. Page 79 discuss map scale and the basics of coordinate systems.
A working manual and an album of map projections for further reference. Working with the map selecting the navigation map each country has its own navigation map. Geological survey professional paper map projections a working manual. Map projection concerns the science of mathematical cartography, the techniques by which the earths dimensions, shape and features are translated in map form, be that twodimensional paper or two or three dimensional electronic representations. However, it differs from global latitudelongitude in that it divides earth into 60 zones and projects.
Scales, projections, etc cambridge university library. This text blends fascinating historical tidbits on each type of projection along with full coverage of the mathematics necessary to perform the projections. The only thing that i am not happy with is the small fonts of the book contents. Lines of latitude are the horizontal lines shown running easttowest on maps particularly so in the mercator projection. The central focus of this book is on the theory of map projections. Parts that might not be so apparent more if using snyder than the guidance note is that you subtract off the false easting and northing values first, then convert the new values to meters. In order to display some part or all of the earth on a flat surface, a map projection is required. The beginning of the book contains substantial introductory information about map projection families and distortions. Map projections a working manual landing page for kartoweb. Map showing the properties and uses of selected map projections, by tau rho alpha and john p. Formula for state plane to latlon conversion geonet. Universal transverse mercator coordinate system wikipedia.
The transverse mercator map projection is an adaptation of the standard mercator projection. Ppt chapter 2 map projection powerpoint presentation. Since the mass of the earth is not uniform at all points, and the direction of gravity changes, the. Free of distortion at the central meridian at 3646 n. The best book is map projections a working manual by john p. Snyder abstract after decades of using only one map projection, the polyconic, for its mapping program, the u.
Conversion of latitude and longitude to utm coordinates. From spherical earth to flat map, national atlas article, usgs. Card corporate credit line shop with points credit card marketplace reload your balance amazon currency converter. The universal transverse mercator utm is a system for assigning coordinates to locations on the surface of the earth. After you have finished working on your map, click save on the left side of the screen. Opens as a pdf so may not open properly on the map room pc.
The book and its contents are great and i am happy to have this book. Tobler university of california santa barbara, usa since the time of ptolemy 2000 years ago the objective of map projections has been to produce maps of high metric fidelity, and this is still the prime objective today. Antiti map projections tn 6 a map is a representation of all or part of the earth drawn on a flat surface at a specific scale. The shape of the earth and the geodetic datum concept are covered on pages 46.
The book map projections a working manual is reprint of usgs publication under same name by mit. A guide to map projections in modern cartography texts, by. Tables and shell scripts are also provided for conversion of state plane. The method includes precomputing coordinates in the first map projection for a subset of the total number of pixels in an empty second map projection image and subsequently, finding the first map projection coordinates of each of the remaining pixels by linear interpolation. Leavesley introduction the gis weasel was designed to aid in the preparation of spatial information for input to lumped and distributed parameter hydrologic or other environmental models.
The main users manual for proj, however, this verticaldatums working notes on the project to support vertical datums in map projections. Geological survey usgs now uses several of the more common projections for its published maps. It is used to identify locations on the earth, but differs from the traditional method of latitude and longitude in several respects. The programs that perform these calculations may be viewed as perl code. Map projections a working manual, issue 95 volume 95 of u. The formulae these programs are based on appear in map projections, a working manual by john p. The gis weasel provides geographic information system gis tools to help create.
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